Softening

Water softeners exchange sodium ions for hardness (calcium and magnesium ions) by passing the influent through a bed of synthetic polymer beads that have an affinity for cations. The beads, or resin, retain a high concentration of sodium ions that have a relatively-low electrical potential. This allows calcium and magnesium ions with a greater potential or charge to easily replace them. When the inlet water flows through the cation-resin bed, the calcium and magnesium ions in the water attach to the resin beads, forcing the beads to release the sodium ions.

When hardness monitoring or total-water-softened monitoring detects substandard water quality, the resins must be regenerated. Regeneration is an ion-exchange process in which the calcium and magnesium ions on the resin beads are exchanged for sodium ions. Flushing the system with a brine solution that contains a high concentration of sodium ions achieves ion exchange.

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